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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm

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Forearm Flexors
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs
08:39

Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs

Published on: May 27, 2020

Interface pressures in below elbow casts.

R Wytch1, P Ashcroft, C G Kalisse

  • 1Department of Bio-Medical Physics and Bio-Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.

Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
|August 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Conventional casts for Colles' fractures apply low, nonspecific pressure. Moulding the cast increases pressure, but the method lacks evidence of effective three-point loading for fracture site force application.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Colles' fractures are common wrist injuries.
  • Casting is a primary treatment method.
  • Understanding cast pressure is crucial for effective immobilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure intra-cast pressures in conventional backslab-below elbow casts.
  • To evaluate the effect of moulding on cast pressures.
  • To assess the effectiveness of conventional casting for fracture site loading.

Main Methods:

  • Intra-cast pressures were measured in patients with Colles' fractures and volunteers.
  • Comparison between moulded and non-moulded backslab casts.
  • Analysis of interface pressures and loading patterns.

Main Results:

  • Conventional backslab casts exhibit low and nonspecific interface pressures.
  • Moulding the backslab significantly increases intra-cast pressures.
  • These elevated pressures are sustained throughout immobilization.
  • No evidence of three-point loading was observed in the studied casts.

Conclusions:

  • Conventional casting methods may not effectively apply forces to the fracture site.
  • Moulding enhances intra-cast pressure but doesn't guarantee optimal loading.
  • Further research into effective fracture immobilization techniques is warranted.