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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
06:34

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

(Central) auditory processing: the impact of otitis media.

Leticia Reis Borges1, Jorge Rizzato Paschoal, Maria Francisca Colella-Santos

  • 1Children and Adolescents Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. rborges@yahoo.com.br

Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)
|August 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Children with early-life otitis media and ventilation tubes show impaired auditory processing, with public school students performing worse on central auditory processing tests compared to private school peers.

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Area of Science:

  • Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology
  • Pediatric Otolaryngology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Otitis media, particularly secretory otitis media, in early childhood can impact auditory development.
  • Ventilation tube surgery is a common intervention for recurrent or persistent otitis media.
  • The long-term effects of early otitis media on central auditory processing skills require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze auditory processing test results in children with a history of otitis media during their first five years.
  • To classify central auditory processing findings based on specific hearing skills evaluated.
  • To compare auditory processing outcomes between children from public and private schools with a history of otitis media.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 109 students aged 8-12 years was divided into three groups: control (no otitis media history), experimental I (public school, history of secretory otitis media), and experimental II (private school, history of secretory otitis media).
  • All participants underwent comprehensive audiological evaluations and central auditory processing tests.
  • Experimental groups had undergone surgery for bilateral ventilation tube placement.

Main Results:

  • Children with a history of secretory otitis media performed worse on the dichotic digits test and gaps-in-noise test compared to controls.
  • Left ear performance was significantly poorer than the right ear in the dichotic digits test and pitch pattern sequence test.
  • Public school students (experimental group I) demonstrated significantly lower scores on the dichotic digits and gaps-in-noise tests compared to private school students (experimental group II), indicating deficits in temporal resolution and figure-ground perception.

Conclusions:

  • Early-life secretory otitis media requiring ventilation tube surgery is associated with persistent deficits in auditory processing abilities.
  • Children from public schools with a history of otitis media exhibit poorer auditory processing outcomes compared to their private school counterparts.
  • Findings highlight the importance of early detection and intervention for auditory processing disorders in children with a history of otitis media.