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Related Concept Videos

Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Standard Precaution01:26

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Whole-Body Nanoparticle Aerosol Inhalation Exposures
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Virus occupational exposure in solid waste processing facilities.

Annalaura Carducci1, Ileana Federigi, Marco Verani

  • 1Department of Biology, Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene
|August 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Workers handling solid waste face occupational exposure to infectious viruses like human adenovirus (HAdV) and torque teno virus (TTV). This study confirms the presence of culturable and infective viruses in waste management environments, highlighting potential health risks.

Keywords:
biological monitoringoccupational exposureviruseswaste collection

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Occupational health and safety
  • Virology

Background:

  • Solid waste management workers are exposed to bioaerosols, primarily studied for bacteria, fungi, and endotoxins.
  • Previous research has not documented work-related infectious diseases linked to viral exposure in this sector.
  • Understanding viral contamination in waste management is crucial for assessing occupational health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the occurrence and infectivity of occupational viral exposure in various solid waste management settings.
  • To identify specific viruses present in air and on surfaces within landfills, recycling plants, incineration plants, and waste collection vehicles.
  • To determine if detected viruses pose an infectious risk to workers.

Main Methods:

  • Air and surface samples were collected from landfills, recycling plants, incineration plants, and waste collection vehicles.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to detect torque teno virus (TTV), human adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus, rotavirus, and enterovirus.
  • Sequencing, real-time PCR for quantification, and cell culture assays for infectivity were performed.

Main Results:

  • Human adenovirus (HAdV) and torque teno virus (TTV) were detected in 30% of air samples and 13.5% of surface samples.
  • Six of eight HAdV-positive samples were confirmed as infective through cell culture, indicating a replication and infection risk.
  • Viral detection rates were similar across seasons, but TTV and HAdV prevalence varied (TTV in summer, HAdV in winter).
  • The paper selection landfill showed the highest viral contamination; bacterial and fungal counts did not correlate with viral presence.

Conclusions:

  • Working with solid and liquid waste exposes workers to infectious viruses, including those classified under European Directive 90/679/CEE Group 2 pathogens.
  • The presence of culturable and infective viruses necessitates further research into contamination sources and transmission routes.
  • Occupational risk assessment for viral exposure in waste management is essential to protect worker health.