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Related Concept Videos

Gas Chromatography: Introduction01:13

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique for separating and analyzing volatile compounds in a sample. Its primary purpose is to identify and quantify components in complex mixtures, making it essential in fields such as environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals. GC is also called vapor-phase chromatography (VPC) or gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC).
In GC,  a sample is vaporized and mixed with an inert carrier gas (the mobile phase), which transports it through a column.
Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases01:17

Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases

Gas chromatography (GC) relies on stationary phases to separate and analyze components in a sample. There are two main types of stationary phases: liquid and solid. Liquid stationary phases are non-volatile, thermally stable, and chemically inert liquids coated onto the column. Solid stationary phases are particles of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or molecular sieves.
For an analyte to remain on the column for a sufficient amount of time, it must exhibit some level of compatibility (or...
Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)01:14

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is the combination of analytical techniques of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in a single instrument for analyzing a mixture of compounds. The gas chromatograph separates the compounds in the mixture, and the mass spectrometer analyzes each compound separately to determine the molecular masses and molecular structures.
A gas chromatograph consists of a long, narrow capillary column with a polysiloxane coating on the inner wall. The coating...
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)01:15

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)

The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. For example, the mass of helium...
Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis01:21

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
GC–MS is a powerful hyphenated method commonly used in forensics and environmental...
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
In HPLC, two phases play a critical role in the separation process:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry
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Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

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High-resolution fractionation after gas chromatography for effect-directed analysis.

Eelco Pieke1, Ferry Heus, Jorke H Kamstra

  • 1AIMMS Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Analytical Chemistry
|August 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A new analytical technology enables high-resolution compound fractionation after gas chromatography (GC) separations. This method simplifies sample preparation for effect-directed analysis of environmental pollutants and bioactivity screening.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Gas chromatography (GC) is a primary separation technique for environmental pollutants.
  • Current fractionation methods can be complex and time-consuming.
  • Effect-directed analysis (EDA) requires efficient sample fractionation for bioactivity screening.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a straightforward, high-resolution analytical technology for compound fractionation post-GC separation.
  • To enable high-throughput EDA by integrating GC fractionation with bioassays.
  • To demonstrate the technology's utility in profiling dioxin receptor bioactivity.

Main Methods:

  • Direct infusion of a carrier solvent (pentane, hexane, or acetonitrile) at the GC column's end within the GC oven.
  • Fraction collection in the second range, achieving 6.5s resolution.
  • Direct cell seeding onto 96-well plate fractions for bioactivity measurement using a mammalian gene reporter assay.

Main Results:

  • The developed technology allows for highly efficient, high-resolution, and high-yield compound fractionation.
  • Fractions containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were successfully collected and analyzed.
  • Dioxin receptor bioactivity was directly measured from fractionated samples, demonstrating the method's effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • This novel GC fractionation technology significantly advances EDA for environmental screening.
  • It combines efficient separation of non-polar pollutants with relevant bioassays in high resolution.
  • The method offers a simplified, high-throughput approach for analyzing complex environmental samples and their bioactivity.