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Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
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Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a virus that...
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Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria

Bacterial cells were initially considered simple, randomly organized structures lacking a cytoskeleton. However, the discovery of cytoskeleton homologs in bacteria led to the change of this opinion. Bacterial cytoskeletal filaments regulate the cell shape, cell polarity, cell division, and partitioning of plasmids during cell division. It was later discovered that bacterial cytoskeletal proteins, mainly actin and tubulin homologs, are diverse compared to their eukaryotic counterparts. On the...
Flagella and Motility in Bacteria01:18

Flagella and Motility in Bacteria

Flagella are specialized, thread-like structures that extend from a bacteria's cell envelope. They play a crucial role in motility and chemotaxis. Their structural organization and functioning exemplify sophisticated biological engineering, enabling bacterial survival and adaptability in diverse environments.Structure of the FlagellumA bacterial flagellum consists of three key components: the filament, the hook, and basal body. The filament, a long, helical structure composed of repeating...
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Fimbriae, Pili, and Axial Filaments

Fimbriae and pili are specialized bacterial surface structures that play pivotal roles in adhesion, genetic exchange, and motility. Composed primarily of pilin protein, these hairlike appendages are crucial for bacterial survival and pathogenicity in various environments.Fimbriae: Adhesion and PathogenicityFimbriae are fine, filamentous structures measuring 2–10 nanometers in diameter and are densely distributed on the bacterial cell surface. They facilitate bacterial adhesion to abiotic...
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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Biophysical Characterization of Flagellar Motor Functions
06:08

Biophysical Characterization of Flagellar Motor Functions

Published on: January 18, 2017

Molecular motors in bacterial secretion.

Alejandro Peña1, Ignacio Arechaga

  • 1Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, UC-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain.

Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology
|August 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial secretion systems use energy, often from ATP hydrolysis, to build and transport virulence factors. This study details the machinery and evolutionary links of these essential secretion ATPases.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bacterial secretion systems are complex protein machines essential for virulence.
  • These systems transport effector proteins across bacterial membranes, often contributing to pathogenesis.
  • Secretion processes require significant energy, primarily derived from ATP hydrolysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the energy-generating machineries of bacterial type II, III, and IV secretion systems.
  • To highlight the structural similarities and evolutionary relationships among the ATPases driving these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing literature on bacterial secretion systems.
  • Focus on the ATPase components responsible for energy generation.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Biophysical Characterization of Flagellar Motor Functions
06:08

Biophysical Characterization of Flagellar Motor Functions

Published on: January 18, 2017

Monitoring the Assembly of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor Using Site-specific Crosslinking
11:33

Monitoring the Assembly of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor Using Site-specific Crosslinking

Published on: December 17, 2013

Visualizing Bacterial Motility Based on a Color Reaction
04:44

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  • Comparative analysis of structural and evolutionary aspects of secretion ATPases.

    • Main Results:

    • Type II, III, and IV secretion systems utilize distinct but related ATPase complexes for energy.
    • These ATPases share structural similarities, suggesting common evolutionary origins.
    • Energy for system biogenesis and effector transport is predominantly supplied by ATP hydrolysis.

    Conclusions:

    • The ATPases of bacterial secretion systems represent a conserved family with shared structural and evolutionary features.
    • Understanding these machineries provides insights into bacterial pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.
    • Energy transduction via ATP hydrolysis is a critical conserved mechanism across major bacterial secretion pathways.