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Related Concept Videos

Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Generation of a Simplified Three-Dimensional Skin-on-a-chip Model in a Micromachined Microfluidic Platform
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Generation of a Simplified Three-Dimensional Skin-on-a-chip Model in a Micromachined Microfluidic Platform

Published on: May 17, 2021

Skin--'that unfakeable young surface'.

R H Guy1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK. r.h.guy@bath.ac.uk

Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
|August 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The mid-1960s to early 1990s was a golden era for understanding skin barrier function and drug delivery. Research advanced percutaneous penetration and dermal drug administration, leading to significant therapeutic successes.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology
  • Bioengineering

Background:

  • The period from the mid-1960s to the early 1990s marked significant advancements in understanding skin barrier function.
  • Key research focused on percutaneous penetration and (trans)dermal drug delivery.

Observation:

  • Ground-breaking mechanistic work by Scheuplein and Blank.
  • Pioneering in vivo skin absorption experiments by Feldmann and Maibach.
  • Detailed characterization of the stratum corneum's structure and physicochemical properties.

Findings:

  • Elucidation of the skin barrier's complex bioengineering.
  • Advancements in biophysical and modeling studies by researchers like Potts and Francoeur.
  • Transformation of rational drug administration for local and systemic diseases.

Implications:

  • Shifted dermal drug delivery from theoretical concept to therapeutic reality.
  • Enabled significant therapeutic and commercial success in drug administration.
  • Laid the foundation for current advancements in transdermal therapies.