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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology01:18

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...
Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

A Large Animal Model for Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure: Left Pulmonary Artery Ligation and Progressive Main Pulmonary Artery Banding in Sheep
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Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF): Five case reports.

Bianca Schwarz1, Andrea Klang, Barbora Bezdekova

  • 1Pferdeklinik Altforweiler Raiffeisenstrasse 100 66802 Überherrn Germany University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Equine Clinic, Section Internal Medicine Vienna Austria.

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica
|August 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) is a progressive lung disease linked to gammaherpesviruses. Diagnosis in horses involved clinical signs, blood work, and EHV-5 PCR, with all affected horses succumbing to the illness.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

A Large Animal Model for Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure: Left Pulmonary Artery Ligation and Progressive Main Pulmonary Artery Banding in Sheep
07:02

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Unilateral Lung Volume Analysis Using Micro-CT for Enhanced Assessment of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Preclinical Models
03:38

Unilateral Lung Volume Analysis Using Micro-CT for Enhanced Assessment of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Preclinical Models

Published on: June 20, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Pathology
  • Equine Medicine
  • Pulmonary Diseases

Background:

  • Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) is an interstitial lung disease in horses.
  • EMPF is a progressive condition with a poor prognosis.
  • Gammaherpesviruses are suspected etiological agents in EMPF.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe clinical and pathological findings in horses with EMPF.
  • To investigate the association of equid herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) with EMPF.
  • To report diagnostic methods and outcomes for EMPF cases.

Main Methods:

  • Case series describing five horses with EMPF.
  • Clinical examination, blood work, and arterial blood gas analysis.
  • Respiratory endoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, thoracic imaging, and PCR for EHV-5.
  • Post mortem examination and lung biopsy in select cases.

Main Results:

  • Five horses presented with clinical signs including dyspnea and weight loss.
  • Hypoxemia, neutrophilia, and hyperfibrinogenemia were common findings.
  • EHV-5 DNA was detected in lung tissue of all affected horses via PCR.
  • Secondary bacterial infection was noted in one case.
  • EMPF was diagnosed ante mortem in three horses and post mortem in two.
  • All horses either died or were euthanized despite treatment.

Conclusions:

  • EHV-5 is strongly associated with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis.
  • EMPF is a fatal disease in horses, often requiring euthanasia.
  • Diagnostic approaches include clinical assessment, imaging, and molecular detection of EHV-5.