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Updated: May 9, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
Published on: January 10, 2025
Hormone therapy: A to Z
Catha Fischer1, Amanda N Kallen, Lubna Pal
1From the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine.
Clinical Scenario:
A 65-year-old postmenopausal women comes into the office with concerns of vaginal dryness and hot flashes. She recounts numerous nights waking up drenched in sweat and days spent trying to find the coolest rooms at work. She reluctantly mentions that she and her partner have difficulty with intimacy because she has found intercourse to be painful because of vaginal dryness. She is distraught and frustrated seeking something to alleviate her menopause symptoms. As you begin a conversation about hormone therapy, she immediately becomes concerned and reluctant because she has seen many commercials indicating that this unsafe for women.
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