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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication
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Cortisol patterns are associated with T cell activation in HIV.

Sarah Patterson1, Patricia Moran, Elissa Epel

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.

Plos One
|August 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Less optimal diurnal cortisol patterns are linked to increased T cell activation in untreated HIV disease. This suggests the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis influences HIV progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • HIV Research

Background:

  • T cell activation is a key marker for HIV disease progression.
  • The role of endogenous glucocorticoids, like cortisol, in regulating inflammation and immune responses is well-established.
  • Factors influencing T cell activation in untreated HIV require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between diurnal cortisol patterns and T cell activation in adults with untreated HIV.
  • To determine if suboptimal cortisol rhythms correlate with heightened immune activation.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 128 HIV-infected adults without treatment and with CD4(+) T cell counts >250 cells/µl was studied.
  • T cell activation was quantified using CD38 expression via flow cytometry.
  • Diurnal cortisol levels were measured using salivary samples.

Main Results:

  • Lower waking cortisol levels significantly correlated with increased CD4(+) T cell activation (r = -0.26, p = 0.006).
  • A trend towards greater CD8(+) T cell activation was observed with lower waking cortisol (r = -0.17, p = 0.08).
  • A steeper diurnal cortisol decline was associated with reduced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell activation (r = 0.24, p = 0.018 and r = 0.24, p = 0.017, respectively).

Conclusions:

  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis appears to play a role in regulating T cell activation in the context of HIV.
  • These findings highlight a potential pathway linking psychological states and HPA axis activity to HIV disease progression.