[New perspectives in cardiovascular risk reduction: focus on HDL]

Stefania Paolillo1, Giuseppe Luca Della Ratta, Alice Vitagliano

  • 1Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University; Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy.

Insights

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death globally. This review explores how increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels can help prevent heart disease and reduce cardiovascular risk.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology and Atherosclerosis Research
  • Lipid Metabolism and Cardiovascular Health

Context:

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the primary global cause of morbidity and mortality.
  • Dyslipidemias are a significant modifiable risk factor for CVDs.
  • Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels impact cardiovascular event risk.

Purpose:

  • To review current evidence on the protective effects of HDL lipoproteins.
  • To present recent pharmacological strategies for increasing HDL levels.
  • To highlight methods for reducing cardiovascular risk by modulating HDL concentrations.

Summary:

  • This review synthesizes research on the atheroprotective functions of HDL.
  • It examines lifestyle modifications and pharmacological interventions for managing dyslipidemias.
  • Focus is placed on novel therapeutic approaches aimed at elevating circulating HDL levels to mitigate cardiovascular risk.

Impact:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview of HDL's role in preventing atherosclerosis.
  • Informs clinical practice regarding the management of dyslipidemias and cardiovascular risk.
  • Guides future research into HDL-targeting therapies for improved cardiovascular outcomes.

Related Concept Videos

Atherosclerosis III: Management01:26

Atherosclerosis III: Management

Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures01:26

Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures

Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Statins and Miscellaneous Agents01:20

Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Statins and Miscellaneous Agents

Hyperlipidemia, a medical condition often referred to as high cholesterol, is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of lipids in the bloodstream. When present in excess, these lipids, specifically cholesterol and triglycerides, can lead to serious health complications, often involving cardiovascular diseases. Illnesses like atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and pancreatitis have all been linked to untreated hyperlipidemia. This means controlling and regulating cholesterol and triglyceride...
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview01:17

Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview

Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
Atherosclerosis, the primary malefactor, orchestrates this dangerous condition. It manifests as the accumulation of fatty deposits, akin to insidious plaques, within arterial walls. As time elapses, these plaques metamorphose, hardening and narrowing...
Hypertension IV: Drug Therapy and Lifestyle Modifications01:28

Hypertension IV: Drug Therapy and Lifestyle Modifications

Multiple classes of antihypertensive medications are employed in treating hypertension. The most commonly recommended first-line treatments include:Thiazide Diuretics, such as chlorthalidone, increase sodium and water excretion from the body, reducing blood volume and blood pressure.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, like lisinopril, block the conversion of angiotensin I to II, a potent vasoconstrictor lowering blood pressure.Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) prevent angiotensin II...