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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

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Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5
09:53

Screening Assay for Oxidative Stress in a Feline Astrocyte Cell Line, G355-5

Published on: July 13, 2011

Oxidative stress and hepatitis C virus.

Usman Zafar Paracha1, Kaneez Fatima, Mohammad Alqahtani

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Hajvery University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Virology Journal
|August 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection disrupts the balance between oxidants and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress in the liver. This imbalance contributes to liver damage, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses.
  • Viral infections, particularly Hepatitis C virus (HCV), can exacerbate oxidative stress, especially in the liver.
  • The liver's role in metabolism and detoxification makes it vulnerable to oxidative damage during viral infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the oxidant and antioxidant pathways perturbed by HCV genes.
  • To highlight the role of lipid metabolism in viral-induced ROS accumulation.
  • To discuss the consequences of oxidative stress in HCV infection, including hepatic damage and disease progression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating oxidative stress in HCV infection.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms by which HCV affects oxidant and antioxidant pathways.
  • Examination of the impact of oxidative stress on cellular components like DNA, proteins, and lipids.

Main Results:

  • HCV infection perturbs lipid metabolism, leading to increased ROS production.
  • Viral infection depletes cellular glutathione (GSH), impairing antioxidant capacity.
  • Sustained oxidative stress contributes to hepatic damage, potentially leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Conclusions:

  • HCV manipulates cellular redox balance, causing significant oxidative stress.
  • Disruption of antioxidant pathways by HCV is a key factor in liver injury.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for managing HCV-related liver diseases.