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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?
08:49

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?

Published on: June 6, 2020

Nitrous oxide for analgesia in external cephalic version at term: prospective comparative study.

Jorge Burgos, Patricia Cobos, Carmen Osuna

    Journal of Perinatal Medicine
    |August 9, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Inhaled nitrous oxide (N2O) during external cephalic version (ECV) effectively reduces severe pain for pregnant women. This safe analgesia method does not impact ECV success rates or perinatal outcomes.

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    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
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    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

    Published on: January 27, 2010

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    Last Updated: May 9, 2026

    External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?
    08:49

    External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?

    Published on: June 6, 2020

    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
    14:56

    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

    Published on: January 27, 2010

    Area of Science:

    • Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • Pain Management
    • Anesthesiology

    Background:

    • External cephalic version (ECV) is a procedure to turn a breech baby to a head-down position before birth.
    • Pain management during ECV is crucial for patient comfort and procedure success.
    • Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an inhaled analgesic gas with a known safety profile.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of inhaled nitrous oxide (N2O) for analgesia during external cephalic version (ECV) at term.
    • To assess the impact of N2O on ECV success rates, maternal pain levels, and obstetric/perinatal outcomes.

    Main Methods:

    • A prospective comparative cohort study involving 300 women undergoing ECV with 50% inhaled N2O and oxygen versus 150 women without analgesia.
    • Data collection focused on procedure success, pain scores, maternal complications, and perinatal indicators.

    Main Results:

    • The success rate of ECV was similar between the N2O group (52.3%) and the control group (52.7%) (P=0.94).
    • Women receiving N2O reported significantly lower median pain levels (4-7) compared to controls (5-8) (P<0.01), with a 49% reduction in severe pain.
    • No significant differences were observed in ECV complications, cesarean section rates, or perinatal outcomes. N2O inhalation was not associated with severe maternal complications.

    Conclusions:

    • Inhaled 50% nitrous oxide is a safe and effective analgesic option for external cephalic version, significantly reducing maternal pain.
    • N2O analgesia does not compromise the success rate of ECV or adversely affect perinatal outcomes.
    • The findings support the use of N2O as a valuable tool for improving patient experience during ECV procedures.