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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

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Neural Correlates of Balance in People With Parkinson's Disease, Older, and Younger Adults: An fNIRS Study.

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Clinical Validation of Pupil Response During Walking in Parkinson's Disease.

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Multimodal mapping of balance dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a consensus roadmap for research and intervention.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
10:28

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: July 24, 2019

Framework for understanding balance dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.

Bernadette Schoneburg1, Martina Mancini, Fay Horak

  • 1Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA.

Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society
|August 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Parkinson's disease (PD) causes progressive mobility loss due to balance issues. This review offers a framework to help clinicians identify patients at risk of falls and mobility impairment.

Keywords:
Parkinson's diseasebalancegaitposture

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A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
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A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
10:28

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: July 24, 2019

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance
07:19

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

Published on: March 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive motor impairments, significantly affecting patient mobility.
  • Locomotor and balance dysfunction are primary contributors to disability in PD patients.
  • Effective clinical assessment of balance is crucial for managing PD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a framework for understanding balance dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
  • To aid clinicians in identifying PD patients at high risk for falls.
  • To improve the management of mobility impairments in PD.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review of existing literature and clinical understanding of balance in PD.
  • The framework synthesizes current knowledge on the pathophysiology of balance deficits in PD.
  • Focuses on clinical recognition and evaluation strategies.

Main Results:

  • Balance dysfunction is a key factor in PD-related mobility impairment and fall risk.
  • A structured approach can enhance the recognition of at-risk individuals.
  • Early identification facilitates timely intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the nuances of balance dysfunction is critical for managing Parkinson's disease.
  • The proposed framework provides clinicians with tools to assess fall risk and mobility issues.
  • Improved assessment can lead to better patient outcomes and reduced disability.