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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
04:43

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Invertebrate vision: peripheral adaptation to repeated object motion.

Karin Nordström1, Paloma T Gonzalez-Bellido

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden. karin.nordstrom@neuro.uu.se

Current Biology : CB
|August 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Crabs

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal behavior

Background:

  • The visual system adapts to repetitive stimuli, often ignoring them as irrelevant.
  • Understanding the neural basis of this adaptation is key to visual processing research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying rapid visual adaptation in crabs.
  • To identify the specific stage in the visual pathway where this adaptation occurs.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings in the crab visual system.
  • Behavioral experiments to assess visual adaptation.

Main Results:

  • Identified a neural switch responsible for rapid visual adaptation.
  • Localized this switch to an early stage of the visual processing pathway.

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Visualizing Visual Adaptation
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Published on: April 24, 2017

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Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

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Conclusions:

  • Crab visual systems exhibit rapid adaptation to repetitive visual stimuli.
  • This adaptation is mediated by neural circuits at an early processing stage.