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Mutations

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...

In vitro Mutagenesis

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure

In Vivo Assessment of Alveolar Macrophage Efferocytosis Following Ozone Exposure

Published on: October 22, 2019

In vivo ozone exposure does not increase DNA single-strand breaks in human peripheral lymphocytes.

C Finkenwirth¹, B Roßbach, H C Schröder

¹1Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.

Human & Experimental Toxicology

|August 10, 2013

Summary

Acute ozone (O3) exposure did not cause DNA strand breaks in human lymphocytes. This study found no detectable DNA damage after O3 exposure, suggesting it is not persistent.

Keywords:

DNA single-strand breaks Fast Micromethod Ozone peripheral blood lymphocytes

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Published on: May 29, 2019

Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Molecular Biology
Toxicology

Background:

Ozone (O3) is a significant air pollutant with potential health implications.
Understanding the genotoxic effects of air pollutants is crucial for public health.
Previous research suggests potential cellular damage from ozone exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if acute ozone exposure causes DNA strand breaks in human lymphocytes.
To determine the persistence of any potential DNA damage following ozone exposure.

Main Methods:

A randomized parallel study design was employed.
Human lymphocytes were exposed to 0.21 ppm ozone or filtered air for two hours.
DNA damage was assessed using the Fast Micromethod at 30 minutes and 4.5 hours post-exposure.

Main Results:

No detectable DNA strand breaks were observed in lymphocytes after ozone exposure.
The Fast Micromethod did not reveal any significant genotoxic effect at the tested ozone concentration.

Conclusions:

Acute ozone exposure at 0.21 ppm does not induce detectable DNA strand breaks in human lymphocytes.
The study suggests that ozone exposure at this level does not lead to persistent DNA damage.