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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Reactivity of Enolate Ions01:23

Reactivity of Enolate Ions

Enolate ions are formed by the acid–base reaction of a carbonyl compound with a base. This leads to deprotonation of the α hydrogen atom, leading to a resonance-stabilized enolate ion where one of the contributing structures is an oxyanion, which imparts additional stability. Therefore, the proton on the α carbon is more acidic in nature than that of other sp3-hybridized C–H bonds but less acidic than those in O–H bonds where the negative charge in the conjugate base is localized on the oxygen...
Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
06:31

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Ionic liquids are compatible with on-water catalysis.

Kaitlin D Beare1, Alexander K L Yuen, Anthony F Masters

  • 1School of Chemistry F11, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia. christopher.mcerlean@sydney.edu.au.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|August 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic liquids enable on-water catalysis for solid-solid reactions, overcoming previous limitations. This breakthrough expands the applications of water-based chemical reactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • On-water catalysis traditionally requires liquid reactants for emulsification, limiting its application.
  • Solid-solid reactions are often unreactive under standard on-water conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the compatibility of ionic liquids with on-water catalysis.
  • To enable on-water reactions for previously unreactive solid-solid systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing ionic liquids as a co-solvent or medium in on-water catalytic reactions.
  • Testing the catalytic efficiency and scope with various solid-solid reactant systems.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful catalysis in aqueous media using ionic liquids.
  • Achieved reactivity in solid-solid systems previously considered unreactive under on-water conditions.
  • Highlighted the role of unique ionic liquid solvation properties.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic liquids are compatible with on-water catalysis.
  • The use of ionic liquids significantly expands the scope and applicability of on-water catalysis, particularly for solid-solid reactions.
  • This approach offers a greener and more versatile alternative for chemical synthesis.