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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice
09:33

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Published on: March 22, 2018

Olfactory training is helpful in postinfectious olfactory loss: a randomized, controlled, multicenter study.

Michael Damm1, Louisa K Pikart, Heike Reimann

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospitals of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.

The Laryngoscope
|August 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory training (OT) improves persistent postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD). Higher odor concentrations are more effective, especially when initiated within 12 months of symptom onset. This therapy is safe and the first successful treatment for PIOD.

Keywords:
OlfactionSniffin' Sticks testanosmiahyposmiapostviralsmelltreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Persistent postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) significantly impacts quality of life.
  • Current therapeutic options for PIOD are limited, with no established successful treatments.
  • Olfactory training (OT) is a potential intervention, but its efficacy and optimal parameters require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of olfactory training (OT) in patients with persistent postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD).
  • To compare the effects of high versus low odor concentrations in OT for PIOD.
  • To determine if the duration of olfactory dysfunction influences OT outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, single-blind, controlled, multicenter crossover study involving 144 subjects with PIOD.
  • Participants underwent OT with high or low odor concentrations for 18 weeks, followed by a crossover period.
  • Olfactory function was assessed at baseline, 18 weeks, and 36 weeks.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory function improved in 26% of participants in the high-concentration OT group versus 15% in the low-concentration group after 18 weeks.
  • For patients with olfactory dysfunction <12 months, improvement was significantly higher in the high-concentration group (63%) compared to the low-concentration group (19%) (P=.03).
  • OT was found to be a safe procedure.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory training (OT) is an effective therapy for persistent postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD).
  • Utilizing higher odor concentrations during OT appears more beneficial for improving olfactory function.
  • OT is particularly effective for patients with recent-onset PIOD (within 12 months) and represents the first successful therapeutic approach for this condition.