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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...

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Methionine Functionalized Biocompatible Block Copolymers for Targeted Plasmid DNA Delivery
08:09

Methionine Functionalized Biocompatible Block Copolymers for Targeted Plasmid DNA Delivery

Published on: August 6, 2019

Sequence-controlled polymers.

Jean-François Lutz1, Makoto Ouchi, David R Liu

  • 1Precision Macromolecular Chemistry Group, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, Boîte Postale 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sequence-controlled polymers, like DNA, offer ordered monomer arrangements. Advances in nanotechnology and synthetic chemistry are expanding their use beyond biology into areas like data storage and nanoelectronics.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Sequence-controlled polymers feature ordered monomer arrangements.
  • Biological macromolecules like proteins and DNA are prominent examples.
  • Current applications are primarily in molecular biology and biochemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Highlight the growing relevance of sequence-controlled polymers in nonbiological fields.
  • Discuss advancements in protein- and DNA-based nanotechnologies.
  • Explore synthetic routes for nonnatural sequence-controlled polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of biological sequence-controlled polymers (proteins, DNA).
  • Analysis of protein- and DNA-based nanotechnologies.
  • Examination of synthetic polymer chemistry approaches.

Main Results:

  • Sequence-controlled polymers are crucial for data storage, nanoelectronics, and catalysis.
  • Synthetic chemistry enables the creation of nonnatural sequence-controlled polymers.
  • These synthetic polymers offer control over structure, self-assembly, and material properties.

Conclusions:

  • Sequence-controlled polymers have significant potential in diverse nonbiological applications.
  • Synthetic approaches are expanding the scope and utility of these macromolecules.
  • Further development promises enhanced control over material properties and functions.