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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

Diagnosing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Peter Moritz Becher1, Diana Lindner, Nina Fluschnik

  • 1University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Department of General and Interventional Cardiology , Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. dirk.westermann@web.de

Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics
|August 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) affects half of all heart failure patients. Current treatments are limited, necessitating further research into HFPEF diagnosis and novel therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) accounts for approximately 50% of all heart failure (HF) cases.
  • HFPEF carries a similar morbidity and mortality rate to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF).
  • Despite its prevalence, effective treatments for HFPEF remain elusive in randomized clinical trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on diagnosing established HFPEF.
  • To explore potential novel therapeutic targets for early HFPEF diagnosis.
  • To discuss various pathophysiological factors beyond diastolic dysfunction in HFPEF.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic approaches for HFPEF.
  • Analysis of emerging therapeutic targets.
  • Consideration of factors including vascular dysfunction, ventricular-arterial coupling, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix regulation.
  • Evaluation of chronotropic incompetence, pulmonary hypertension, exercise testing, and biomarkers alongside conventional diastolic dysfunction measurements.

Main Results:

  • Diastolic dysfunction is a key diagnostic marker in many HFPEF patients.
  • Pathophysiology of HFPEF involves multiple factors beyond diastolic dysfunction.
  • Early diagnosis and targeted therapies are crucial for managing HFPEF.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of HFPEF requires investigating multiple contributing factors, not solely diastolic dysfunction.
  • Further research is essential for developing more specific diagnostic and treatment strategies.
  • Improved interventions are needed to reduce morbidity and mortality in the growing HFPEF population.