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Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists01:30

Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
09:49

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: January 20, 2023

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, and anesthesia.

Sona S Arora1, Jennifer L Gooch, Paul S García

  • 11Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA.

The International Journal of Neuroscience
|August 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

As the population ages, Alzheimer's disease (AD) impacts more individuals, especially in surgical settings. This review explores anesthesia's effects on AD and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in aging patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
09:49

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: January 20, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Neuroscience
  • Anesthesiology and Neurology

Background:

  • Aging increases the risk and severity of comorbidities like heart disease and cancer.
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a significant concern, with incidence doubling every five years after age 65.
  • The aging population presents challenges in managing patients with AD, particularly in the perioperative period.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical and preclinical data on anesthesia's impact on Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • To explore the relationship between anesthesia, AD, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD).
  • To provide insights into anesthetic management for patients with AD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical and preclinical research.
  • Analysis of overlapping neurodegenerative pathophysiology.
  • Discussion of anesthetic considerations for AD patients.

Main Results:

  • Anesthesia's effect on AD development and progression requires further investigation.
  • The link between AD and susceptibility to or exacerbation of POCD is not well understood.
  • Best practices for anesthetic management in AD patients are not yet established.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding anesthesia's role in AD and POCD is crucial for the aging surgical population.
  • Further research is needed to define optimal anesthetic strategies for patients with AD.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge and highlights areas for future study.