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Related Concept Videos

Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although vasectomy...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...

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Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
08:46

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Published on: September 16, 2021

Contraception during the perimenopause.

Maureen K Baldwin1, Jeffrey T Jensen

  • 1Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.

Maturitas
|August 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Perimenopausal women face unintended pregnancy risks despite lower fertility. Reliable contraception is crucial until menopause is confirmed, as sterility is not guaranteed until age 60.

Keywords:
ContraceptionEndometrial protectionHeavy menstrual bleedingOlder reproductivePerimenopause

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Women's Health
  • Contraception

Background:

  • Perimenopausal women experience decreased fertility but still face unintended pregnancy risks.
  • Pregnancies in this age group carry higher risks of maternal complications and adverse outcomes.
  • Routine healthcare should include counseling on sexual habits and contraception for perimenopausal individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review contraceptive options for perimenopausal women.
  • To highlight the safety and efficacy of various methods, including the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS).
  • To emphasize the importance of continued contraception until menopause confirmation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on perimenopausal contraception.
  • Analysis of contraceptive method safety and efficacy based on age and health factors.
  • Discussion of non-contraceptive benefits of certain methods.

Main Results:

  • No contraceptive method is contraindicated solely based on age.
  • Estrogen-containing methods require careful consideration of cardiovascular risks.
  • The LNG-IUS (Mirena®) is a safe and beneficial option for most perimenopausal women, including for heavy menstrual bleeding.
  • LNG-IUS also offers endometrial protection during the transition to hormone therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Contraception is essential for perimenopausal women until menopause is definitively confirmed.
  • Menopause confirmation involves specific criteria regarding menstrual cessation or FSH levels.
  • Women should not assume sterility until age 60 due to reported late-life pregnancies.