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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

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Published on: April 17, 2013

Euthyroid Graves' orbitopathy and incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.

Eugen Melcescu1, William B Horton, Karen T Pitman

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.

Hormones (Athens, Greece)
|August 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Graves' orbitopathy (GO) management is challenging, even with normalized thyroid function and minimized thyroid antigen. Antithyroidal antibodies are crucial in managing concurrent papillary thyroid cancer and GO.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma are distinct conditions.
  • Concurrent presentation is rare, posing management challenges.

Observation:

  • A 61-year-old woman presented with euthyroid Graves' orbitopathy and incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
  • She underwent thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine ablation.
  • GO progressed from mild to moderate-to-severe despite normalized thyroid function and minimized thyroid antigen.

Findings:

  • The case highlights the difficulty in managing GO even with normalized thyroid function.
  • Antithyroidal antibodies played a role in disease progression.
  • Thyroid-stimulating antibodies can stimulate thyroid cells independently of TSH.

Implications:

  • This case emphasizes the importance of considering antithyroidal antibodies in patients with coexisting papillary thyroid cancer and GO.
  • Management strategies for GO may need to account for antibody-mediated stimulation.
  • Further research into the interplay between thyroid cancer and orbitopathy is warranted.