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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
07:45

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Published on: February 9, 2021

Silicate Urolithiasis during Long-Term Treatment with Zonisamide.

Satoru Taguchi1, Yorito Nose, Toshikazu Sato

  • 1Department of Urology, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, Tokyo 102-8798, Japan ; Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.

Case Reports in Medicine
|August 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Silicate urolithiasis is rare, but this study reports a case linked to zonisamide, an antiepileptic drug, not typical antacid use. Urine silicate levels were examined to understand this unusual stone formation.

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Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Urology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Silicate urinary calculi are rare, accounting for 0.2% of stones, often linked to excess magnesium trisilicate antacid use.
  • Unexplained cases of silicate urolithiasis exist, highlighting gaps in understanding stone formation mechanisms.
  • Zonisamide, an antiepileptic, is a known cause of iatrogenic urinary stones, potentially via urine alkalinization and crystal promotion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of silicate urolithiasis in a patient on long-term zonisamide therapy.
  • To investigate the potential role of zonisamide in silicate urolithiasis formation.
  • To analyze urinary silicate concentration in the context of zonisamide treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a patient developing silicate urolithiasis.
  • Review of patient's medication history, excluding magnesium trisilicate.
  • Analysis of urine silicate concentration.

Main Results:

  • The patient developed silicate urolithiasis during long-term zonisamide treatment.
  • Magnesium trisilicate intake was ruled out as a cause.
  • Urinary silicate concentration was measured to explore the etiology.

Conclusions:

  • Zonisamide may contribute to silicate urolithiasis, even without typical risk factors like antacid use.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanism of zonisamide-induced silicate stone formation.
  • Monitoring urinary composition may be important for patients on long-term zonisamide therapy.