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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient01:17

Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient

The extended Debye-Hückel equation indicates that the activity coefficient of an ion in an aqueous solution at 25°C depends on three partially interdependent properties: the ionic strength of the solution, the charge of the ion, and the ion size. 
The activity coefficient value for an ion is close to one when the solution has almost zero ionic strength, i.e., when the solution shows close to ideal behavior. As the ionic strength of the solution increases from 0 to 0.1 mol/L, a decrease in the...
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

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Related Experiment Video

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Trajectory Data Analyses for Pedestrian Space-time Activity Study
16:14

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Published on: February 25, 2013

Patterns and predictors of changes in active commuting over 12 months.

Jenna Panter1, Simon Griffin, Alice M Dalton

  • 1Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit & UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK.

Preventive Medicine
|August 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Commuters are more likely to walk or cycle if public transport is convenient and cycle routes are pleasant. Limiting workplace parking also encourages active commuting.

Keywords:
AdultsBehavioural changeCyclingEnvironment designEpidemiologyFollow-up studiesHealth promotionLongitudinal studyPhysical activity and healthWalking

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Psychology
  • Urban Planning
  • Transportation Studies

Background:

  • Understanding factors influencing commuting mode choice is crucial for promoting sustainable transportation.
  • Active commuting (walking, cycling) offers health and environmental benefits but faces barriers.
  • Car dependency remains a significant challenge in urban mobility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify predictors for adopting and maintaining walking and cycling for commuting.
  • To examine factors associated with switching to car use for commuting.
  • To understand the role of individual, household, psychological, and environmental factors in commuting behavior.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 655 commuters in Cambridge, UK, using a seven-day recall instrument over 2009-2010.
  • Data collection included self-reported individual/household characteristics, psychological measures, and route conditions.
  • Objective environmental data were analyzed using Geographical Information Systems; multivariable logistic regression modeled behavior predictors.

Main Results:

  • Convenience of public transport predicted uptake of walking; convenient cycle routes predicted uptake and maintenance of cycling.
  • A pleasant walking route predicted maintenance of walking; lack of free workplace parking predicted uptake of walking and non-car alternatives.
  • Positive attitudes towards car use were associated with increased car commuting; negative attitudes predicted continued use of alternative modes.

Conclusions:

  • Enhancing the convenience of walking, cycling, and public transport can boost active commuting.
  • Reducing the availability of free workplace parking may encourage shifts towards active travel.
  • Targeting psychological factors and improving route environments are key strategies for promoting sustainable commuting behaviors.