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Updated: May 8, 2026

Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station
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Improved sinusoidal gating with balanced InGaAs/InP Single Photon Avalanche Diodes.

Zhiwen Lu1, Wenlu Sun, Qiugui Zhou

  • 1Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.

Optics Express
|August 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

We developed balanced InGaAs/InP single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) using sinusoidal gating and phase shifting to minimize noise. This innovation reduces afterpulsing, enabling sensitive photon detection with a low dark count rate.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Semiconductor Devices
  • Quantum Technologies
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are crucial for sensitive light detection.
  • Common mode noise and afterpulsing are significant challenges in SPAD performance.
  • Indium Gallium Arsenide/Indium Phosphide (InGaAs/InP) materials offer specific optoelectronic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel method for reducing common mode noise in SPADs.
  • To improve the detection capabilities and reduce afterpulsing in InGaAs/InP SPADs.
  • To evaluate the performance of SPADs operated in sinusoidal gating mode with phase shifting.

Main Methods:

  • Balanced InGaAs/InP SPADs were fabricated and operated.
  • Sinusoidal gating mode with a tunable phase shifter was employed.

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  • Performance metrics including dark count rate and photon detection efficiency were measured at 240 K.

    • Main Results:

    • The implemented technique effectively reduced common mode noise.
    • Detection of small avalanche pulses was enabled, leading to reduced afterpulsing.
    • A dark count rate of 8.9 kHz was achieved at 10% photon detection efficiency for a 20 MHz laser repetition rate at 240 K.

    Conclusions:

    • Balanced InGaAs/InP SPADs with sinusoidal gating and phase shifting offer a viable solution for low-noise, high-performance single-photon detection.
    • The developed method significantly mitigates noise and afterpulsing, enhancing SPAD reliability.
    • This advancement is promising for applications requiring high sensitivity and low dark counts in quantum information and sensing.