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Related Concept Videos

Transmission Electron Microscopy01:15

Transmission Electron Microscopy

In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400 keV in...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
Overview of Microscopy Techniques01:22

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
10:12

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Scattering imaging method in transmission x-ray microscopy.

Jian Chen1, Kun Gao, Xin Ge

  • 1National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.

Optics Letters
|August 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new x-ray microscopy technique uses structured illumination to characterize sub-resolution features beyond the Rayleigh limit. This method accurately measures nanometer-scale structures for diverse applications.

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Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages
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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Traditional microscopy is limited by the Rayleigh resolution limit.
  • Characterizing nanoscale features is crucial for advanced materials and devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel x-ray microscopy technique for sub-resolution feature characterization.
  • To demonstrate the effectiveness of structured illumination for surpassing diffraction limits.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a structured illumination x-ray microscopy technique.
  • Optical experiments to validate the technique's principles.
  • Comparison of experimental results with theoretical predictions.

Main Results:

  • The technique successfully characterizes features beyond the Rayleigh resolution limit.
  • Experimental data showed strong agreement with theoretical models.
  • Demonstrated capability for nanometer-scale feature analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The structured illumination x-ray microscopy technique offers a powerful tool for nanoscale imaging.
  • This method has broad applicability in fields like materials science and nanotechnology.
  • Potential applications include analyzing oil and gas reservoir rocks, composites, and nanodevices.