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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...
Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis
07:55

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Published on: September 22, 2017

Two-color rubidium fiber frequency standard.

C Perrella1, P S Light, J D Anstie

  • 1School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. chris.perrella@adelaide.edu.au

Optics Letters
|August 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

We developed a compact optical frequency standard using rubidium vapor in a unique fiber. This new atomic clock achieves high stability for potential commercial and industrial use.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Quantum Optics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Optical frequency standards are crucial for precise timekeeping and metrology.
  • Traditional atomic clocks often face limitations in size, robustness, and environmental sensitivity.
  • Hollow-core photonic crystal fibers offer novel platforms for atomic vapor confinement and interaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel optical frequency standard utilizing rubidium vapor within a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber.
  • To investigate the 5S(1/2)→5D(5/2) two-photon transition of rubidium for frequency stabilization.
  • To assess the performance and identify limitations of this new frequency standard.

Main Methods:

  • Loading rubidium vapor into a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber.
  • Exciting the 5S(1/2)→5D(5/2) two-photon transition using two lasers at 780 nm and 776 nm.
  • Stabilizing the sum-frequency of the lasers to the atomic transition via modulation transfer spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a fractional frequency stability of 9.8×10⁻¹² at 1 second.
  • Characterized the performance limitations of the current setup.
  • Identified pathways for improving frequency stability by an order of magnitude.

Conclusions:

  • A compact and robust optical frequency standard based on rubidium in a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber has been successfully demonstrated.
  • The developed technique shows promise for applications requiring high precision in commercial and industrial settings.
  • Further improvements are feasible, paving the way for next-generation atomic clocks.