Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Salivary Glands and Saliva

Salivary Glands and Saliva

The salivary glands, of which there are three pairs known as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and initiating the digestive process. Positioned near the ears, beneath the masseter muscle, the parotid glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity through the parotid duct of Stensen. Meanwhile, the submandibular glands, located on the floor of the mouth, secrete saliva through channels named submandibular ducts. The sublingual glands,...

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.

Psychological Responses to Stress

Psychological Responses to Stress

Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...

Stress and Mental Health

Stress and Mental Health

Chronic stress profoundly affects mental health, significantly influencing mood, behavior, and overall quality of life. Research closely links chronic stress with mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Ongoing exposure to stress can lead to physiological and psychological changes, initiating a cycle of emotional distress and maladaptive coping mechanisms.
Individuals with depression often experience challenges in both their personal and professional...

Physiological Foundation of Stress

Physiological Foundation of Stress

Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Adrenaline triggers the...

Stress Response System

Stress Response System

The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
Alarm stage
In the alarm stage, the body's initial...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Clinical Practice and Diagnostic Trends in Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis: A 25-Year Observational Study.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026

Same author

Development and validation of the modified-comprehensive Kumamoto Score: a multi-organ assessment tool for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis.

Amyloid : the international journal of experimental and clinical investigation : the official journal of the International Society of Amyloidosis·2026

Same author

Long-term outcome of acquired transthyretin amyloidosis.

Amyloid : the international journal of experimental and clinical investigation : the official journal of the International Society of Amyloidosis·2026

Same author

Ictal cold shiver caused by autoimmune limbic encephalitis: A case report and literature review.

Epilepsy & behavior reports·2025

Same author

Genetic and clinical features of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: a decade of experience at a Japanese referral center.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases·2025

Same author

Cardiac involvement and anti-striational antibodies in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Sampling Human Indigenous Saliva Peptidome Using a Lollipop-Like Ultrafiltration Probe: Simplify and Enhance Peptide Detection for Clinical Mass Spectrometry

Sampling Human Indigenous Saliva Peptidome Using a Lollipop-Like Ultrafiltration Probe: Simplify and Enhance Peptide Detection for Clinical Mass Spectrometry

Published on: August 7, 2012

Salivary mental stress proteins.

Konen Obayashi¹

¹Diagnostic Unit for Amyloidosis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry

|August 14, 2013

Summary

Saliva offers an easy way to measure stress markers like cortisol and immunoglobulin A (IgA). This review examines the pros, cons, and knowledge gaps of these salivary stress indicators.

Keywords:

ALS CgA IgA Mental stress Salivary chromogranin A (CgA)Salivary cortisol Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA)Salivary stress markers Salivary α-amylase amyotrophic lateral sclerosis chromogranin A immunoglobulin A

More Related Videos

Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature

Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature

Published on: June 19, 2019

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

Published on: October 19, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Sampling Human Indigenous Saliva Peptidome Using a Lollipop-Like Ultrafiltration Probe: Simplify and Enhance Peptide Detection for Clinical Mass Spectrometry

Sampling Human Indigenous Saliva Peptidome Using a Lollipop-Like Ultrafiltration Probe: Simplify and Enhance Peptide Detection for Clinical Mass Spectrometry

Published on: August 7, 2012

Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature

Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature

Published on: June 19, 2019

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

Published on: October 19, 2011

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Psychoneuroendocrinology
Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

Saliva is a readily accessible biological fluid for diagnostic testing.
Salivary stress markers are increasingly studied in healthy individuals and those with diseases.
Cortisol, α-amylase, chromogranin A (CgA), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) are key salivary stress markers.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current knowledge on salivary stress markers.
To identify the strengths and weaknesses of each marker.
To highlight existing data gaps concerning salivary stress markers.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on salivary stress markers.
Analysis of positive and negative attributes of cortisol, α-amylase, CgA, and IgA.
Identification of data gaps related to collection techniques and other factors.

Main Results:

Each salivary stress marker (cortisol, α-amylase, CgA, IgA) has unique advantages and limitations.
Significant data gaps exist for all markers, particularly concerning collection methods.
Understanding these attributes is crucial for accurate stress assessment.

Conclusions:

Salivary stress markers provide valuable insights but require careful interpretation.
Further research is needed to address data gaps and standardize collection techniques.
Optimizing the use of salivary markers can enhance stress-related diagnostics.