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Updated: May 8, 2026
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Macerated Tissue to Visualize the Extracellular Matrix
Published on: June 14, 2016
A new look at cytoskeletal NOS-1 and β-dystroglycan changes in developing muscle and brain in control and mdx
Alyssa Janke1, Ritika Upadhaya, Wanda M Snow
1Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
Background:
Loss of dystrophin profoundly affects muscle function and cognition. Changes in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) including disruption of nitric oxide synthase (NOS-1) may result from loss of dystrophin or secondarily after muscle damage. Disruptions in NOS-1 and beta-dystroglycan (bDG) were examined in developing diaphragm, quadriceps, and two brain regions between control and mdx mice at embryonic day E18 and postnatal days P1, P10, and P28. Age-dependent differential muscle loading allowed us to test the hypothesis that DGC changes are dependent on muscle use.
Results:
Muscle development, including loss of central nucleation and the localization of NOS-1 and bDG, was earlier in diaphragm than quadriceps; these features were differentially disrupted in dystrophic muscles. The NOS-1/bDG ratio, an index of DGC stability, was higher in dystrophic diaphragm (P10-P28) and quadriceps (P28) than controls. There were also distinct regional differences in NOS-1 and bDG in brain tissues with age and strain. NOS-1 increased with age in control forebrain and cerebellum, and in mdx cerebellum; NOS-1 and bDG were higher in control than mdx mouse forebrain.
Conclusions:
Important developmental changes in structure and muscle DGC preceded the hallmarks of dystrophy, and are consistent with the impact of muscle-specific differential loading during maturation.
