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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts01:13

Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts

De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
Muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) are formed from the myotomes. MPCs express genes that encode the transcription factors Pax3 and Pax7. Along with Pax 3/7, other transcription factors...
Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy01:21

Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy

Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model
08:42

Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model

Published on: July 3, 2020

let-7 and miR-140 microRNAs coordinately regulate skeletal development.

Garyfallia Papaioannou1, Jennifer B Inloes, Yukio Nakamura

  • 1Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Specific microRNAs, let-7 and microRNA-140 (miR-140), are crucial for skeletal development. Their combined deficiency in chondrocytes causes severe growth defects by impairing proliferation and differentiation.

Keywords:
chondrocyte differentiationchondrocyte proliferationmouse

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Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

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Area of Science:

  • Skeletal Biology
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators of skeletal development.
  • Global miRNA reduction in chondrocytes leads to growth plate defects.
  • Specific miRNAs involved in these processes remain largely unidentified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify specific miRNAs regulating endochondral bone development.
  • To investigate the roles of let-7 miRNAs and microRNA-140 (miR-140) in chondrocyte function.
  • To elucidate the impact of inhibiting let-7 biogenesis and miR-140 deficiency on skeletal growth.

Main Methods:

  • Overexpression of lin-28 homolog A (Lin28a) to inhibit let-7 miRNA biogenesis in growth plate chondrocytes.
  • Generation of miR-140 deficient mice.
  • Analysis of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in genetically modified mice.
  • Assessment of skeletal growth in mice with combined genetic modifications.

Main Results:

  • Lin28a overexpression effectively reduced let-7 miRNAs and increased let-7 target genes, decreasing chondrocyte proliferation via cell cycle regulators.
  • miR-140 deficiency resulted in impaired chondrocyte differentiation.
  • Mice with both Lin28a overexpression and miR-140 deficiency exhibited severe growth retardation, indicating synergistic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Let-7 miRNAs and miR-140 are critical for endochondral bone development.
  • Suppression of let-7 miRNAs impairs chondrocyte proliferation, while miR-140 deficiency affects differentiation.
  • Combined disruption of these miRNAs leads to synergistic defects in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, causing significant growth impairment.