Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 8, 2026

Social Threat-Safety Test Uncovers Psychosocial Stress-Related Phenotypes
Published on: December 15, 2023
Social support may protect against development of posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from the Heart and Soul
Purpose:
No prospective studies have examined the association of poor social support and development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with chronic illness. This study addresses this knowledge gap.
Design:
This prospective study examines the relationship of social support to the subsequent development of PTSD during a 5-year period.
Setting:
San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
Subjects:
A total of 579 participants with cardiovascular disease did not have PTSD at baseline and returned for the 5-year follow-up examination.
Measures:
PTSD measured by Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV. Social support measured by Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL).
Analysis:
Unconditional ordered logistic regression analyses were performed to yield the odds ratio of developing PTSD for a one-standard-deviation change in ISEL score.
Results:
Of 579 participants who did not have PTSD at baseline, approximately 6.4% (n = 37) developed PTSD. Higher baseline perceived social support was strongly protective against development of PTSD (OR = .60, p = .001). Results remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, race, income, and depression (OR = .69, p = .04). Of social support types examined, the "tangible" and "belonging" domains were most strongly associated with future PTSD status.
Conclusion:
Social support may impact development of PTSD. Interventions that optimize social support may be part of a PTSD prevention program designed to help individuals at risk of developing PTSD.
Related Concept Videos
Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques V
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events, are a...
Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle
Social Relationships and Well-Being
Psychological Responses to Stress
Benefits of Self-Esteem

