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Updated: May 8, 2026

A Tablet-Based Curriculum-Based Measurement Protocol for Kindergarten Writing
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Keyboarding and visual-motor skills in elementary students: a pilot study.

Becky Chwirka1, Burke Gurney, Patricia A Burtner

  • 1Moriarty School District, Moriarty, NM.

Occupational Therapy in Health Care
|August 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Structured keyboarding instruction improved visual-motor skills and approached handwriting speeds in second graders. This suggests typing can be an effective compensatory approach for classroom writing.

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Technology
  • Occupational Therapy
  • Special Education

Background:

  • Technology integration in schools is increasing.
  • Occupational therapists use computers as intervention tools.
  • Efficacy of computer training on student functional skills is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the impact of a structured keyboarding program.
  • Assess effects on visual-motor skills (eye-hand coordination).
  • Evaluate effects on written communication skills in second graders.

Main Methods:

  • Pilot study with 66 second-grade students.
  • Intervention group: 32 students received daily typing instruction for 8 months.
  • Control group: 34 students received no formal typing instruction.

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Main Results:

  • Significant improvement in visual-motor abilities for the keyboarding group compared to controls.
  • Typing speeds approached handwriting speeds for second graders.
  • Keyboarding shows potential as a compensatory handwriting strategy.

Conclusions:

  • Keyboarding instruction positively impacts visual-motor skills.
  • Typing can be a viable alternative to handwriting for some students.
  • Further research on keyboarding for students with learning disabilities is recommended.