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Related Concept Videos

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
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Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
11:56

A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells

Published on: April 11, 2014

A derivative of ascorbic acid modulates cAMP production.

B Bordignon1, S Mones, F Rahman

  • 1N.O.R.T.: Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U 1062, INRA 1260, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille, France.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|August 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

AA regulates cAMP pools, and its analog K873 also impacts cAMP production without antioxidant activity. This suggests AA derivatives may be promising drugs for cAMP-dependent pathways.

Keywords:
AntioxidantsAscorbic acidCyclic AMP

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Published on: April 11, 2014

Investigating the Function of Coronin A in the Early Starvation Response of Dictyostelium discoideum by Aggregation Assays
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Real-Time cAMP Dynamics in Live Cells Using the Fluorescent cAMP Difference Detector In Situ
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Real-Time cAMP Dynamics in Live Cells Using the Fluorescent cAMP Difference Detector In Situ

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Adenosine cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is a crucial second messenger regulating numerous cellular processes.
  • Previous studies identified AA as a global regulator of cellular cAMP pools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of K873, a synthesized analog of AA with antiproliferative properties, on cAMP production.
  • To determine if the effect of AA on cAMP production is linked to its antioxidant activity.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of K873, an analog of AA.
  • Assessment of K873's antiproliferative properties.
  • Measurement of cAMP production in response to AA and K873.
  • Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of AA and K873.

Main Results:

  • K873, despite lacking antioxidant activity, demonstrably impacts cAMP production.
  • AA exhibits antioxidant activity, while K873 does not.
  • The findings decouple the effect of AA on cAMP production from its antioxidant properties.

Conclusions:

  • AA and its derivatives, like K873, influence cAMP production independently of antioxidant effects.
  • These molecules represent potential therapeutic agents targeting cAMP-dependent biological pathways.
  • Further research into AA derivatives could yield novel drugs for diseases involving cAMP signaling.