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Updated: May 8, 2026

Induction of Eryptosis in Red Blood Cells Using a Calcium Ionophore

Induction of Eryptosis in Red Blood Cells Using a Calcium Ionophore

Published on: January 21, 2020

Patulin-induced suicidal erythrocyte death.

Adrian Lupescu¹, Kashif Jilani, Mohanad Zbidah

¹Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry : International Journal of Experimental Cellular Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology

|August 15, 2013

Summary

Patulin, a mycotoxin found in apples, triggers suicidal erythrocyte death (eryptosis) by increasing intracellular calcium. This finding suggests patulin

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Area of Science:

Toxicology
Cell Biology
Hematology

Background:

Patulin is a common mycotoxin in apples and apple products.
Patulin can induce apoptosis in nucleated cells and is explored for cancer treatment.
Eryptosis, or suicidal erythrocyte death, involves cell shrinkage and phosphatidylserine exposure, similar to apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if patulin exposure induces eryptosis in human erythrocytes.
To explore the role of intracellular calcium in patulin-induced eryptosis.

Main Methods:

Measurement of forward scatter for cell volume.
Annexin V binding assay for phosphatidylserine exposure.
Fluo3-fluorescence to determine intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i).
Hemoglobin release assay to quantify hemolysis.

Main Results:

Patulin exposure (48 h) significantly increased intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and phosphatidylserine exposure (annexin V binding).
Patulin significantly decreased forward scatter, indicating cell shrinkage.
The patulin-induced phosphatidylserine exposure was dependent on extracellular calcium.

Conclusions:

Patulin stimulates calcium entry into human erythrocytes.
This calcium influx triggers suicidal erythrocyte death, a process known as eryptosis.
Patulin's ability to induce eryptosis warrants further investigation.