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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

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Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Dehydration Synthesis01:15

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Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

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An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Dissecting hydrophobic hydration and association.

Richard C Remsing1, John D Weeks

  • 1Institute for Physical Science and Technology and Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|August 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

We reveal how water

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Understanding solvation and association of nonpolar solutes in water is crucial for many chemical and biological processes.
  • Hydrophobic effects are traditionally attributed to hydrogen bonding, but the roles of other interactions are less clear.
  • The interplay between local and long-ranged forces in water's structure around solutes requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distinct contributions of hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic interactions to apolar solute solvation and association in water.
  • To identify the solute length scales at which different interaction types dominate hydrophobic effects.
  • To analyze the role of long-ranged forces in hydrophobic association.

Main Methods:

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In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS
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In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

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  • Development and application of short-ranged reference models for liquid water.
  • Computational analysis of solvation and association of model apolar solutes (methane, buckminsterfullerene).
  • Investigation of interfacial water structure and forces.

Main Results:

  • Local hydrogen bonding is dominant for small solutes, while long-ranged electrostatic and dispersion forces become critical for large solutes.
  • A crossover in solvation behavior is observed, dictated by the solute length scale relative to the water hydrogen bond network.
  • Unbalanced long-ranged forces significantly influence hydrophobic association, as demonstrated with methane and buckminsterfullerene models.

Conclusions:

  • The solvation and association of apolar solutes in water are governed by a combination of local and long-ranged interactions.
  • The hydrogen bond network of water defines the transition point for different interaction regimes.
  • Long-ranged forces play a substantial role in hydrophobic association, particularly for larger solutes.