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Related Concept Videos

Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
Cell Motility through Blebbing01:16

Cell Motility through Blebbing

Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
Blebbing Through the Matrix
In multicellular...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

SNARE-mediated Fusion of Single Proteoliposomes with Tethered Supported Bilayers in a Microfluidic Flow Cell Monitored by Polarized TIRF Microscopy
10:58

SNARE-mediated Fusion of Single Proteoliposomes with Tethered Supported Bilayers in a Microfluidic Flow Cell Monitored by Polarized TIRF Microscopy

Published on: August 24, 2016

Sedimentation-induced tether on a settling vesicle.

Gwenn Boedec1, Marc Jaeger, Marc Leonetti

  • 1Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE UMR 7342, 13384 Marseille, France. boedec@irphe.univ-mrs.fr

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|August 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thin filaments, or tethers, form from vesicles under gravity. Vesicle bending rigidity stabilizes these tethers, preventing immediate breakup and creating a continuous range of shapes, unlike in other experiments.

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Imaging of Extracellular Vesicles by Atomic Force Microscopy
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Imaging of Extracellular Vesicles by Atomic Force Microscopy

Published on: September 11, 2019

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SNARE-mediated Fusion of Single Proteoliposomes with Tethered Supported Bilayers in a Microfluidic Flow Cell Monitored by Polarized TIRF Microscopy
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SNARE-mediated Fusion of Single Proteoliposomes with Tethered Supported Bilayers in a Microfluidic Flow Cell Monitored by Polarized TIRF Microscopy

Published on: August 24, 2016

Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability
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Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability

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Imaging of Extracellular Vesicles by Atomic Force Microscopy
10:11

Imaging of Extracellular Vesicles by Atomic Force Microscopy

Published on: September 11, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Fluid dynamics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Thin filament formation is a precursor to breakup in many systems.
  • Vesicles are common biological and synthetic structures with unique membrane properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and stability of thin cylindrical filaments (tethers) emerging from vesicles under gravitational stress.
  • To understand the role of membrane bending rigidity in tether evolution and shape.
  • To compare tether formation in vesicles with other experimental setups like pendant drops.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of vesicles subjected to gravity.
  • Analysis of tether shapes and stability.
  • Theoretical modeling of membrane mechanics.

Main Results:

  • Vesicles under gravity form stable, cylindrical tethers.
  • The bending rigidity of the vesicle membrane is crucial for achieving a stationary tether state.
  • A continuous family of tether shapes was observed, differing from results in point-force experiments.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane bending rigidity plays a key role in stabilizing fluid interfaces against breakup.
  • Vesicle tethers exhibit unique shape dynamics governed by their specific material properties.
  • This study provides insights into the fundamental physics of soft interface deformation and stability.