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Related Concept Videos

Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
MOS Capacitor01:25

MOS Capacitor

A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor is a fundamental structure used extensively in semiconductor device technology, particularly in the fabrication of integrated circuits and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The MOS capacitor consists of three layers: a metal gate, a dielectric oxide, and a semiconductor substrate.
The metal gate is typically made from highly conductive materials such as aluminum or polysilicon. Beneath the metal gate lies a thin layer of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx
09:49

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

Published on: May 13, 2020

Logic computation in phase change materials by threshold and memory switching.

M Cassinerio1, N Ciocchini, D Ielmini

  • 1Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano and IU.NET, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, MI, Italy.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|August 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Single phase-change memristors (PCMs) enable complete logic functions for future computing. These nonvolatile devices offer scalable, low-energy, high-speed switching for hybrid logic/memory circuits.

Keywords:
boolean logicmemristorsnon-volatile logicnon-volatile storagephase change materials

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High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx
09:49

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

Published on: May 13, 2020

Assembly and Characterization of Biomolecular Memristors Consisting of Ion Channel-doped Lipid Membranes
08:07

Assembly and Characterization of Biomolecular Memristors Consisting of Ion Channel-doped Lipid Membranes

Published on: March 9, 2019

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
06:24

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Published on: October 31, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Computer Engineering

Background:

  • Memristors offer unique hysteretic resistance switching for advanced electronics.
  • Scalability, low energy consumption, and nonvolatility are key memristor advantages.
  • Phase-change materials enable memristive behavior through structural transformation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a functionally complete set of logic gates using single phase-change memristors (PCMs).
  • To leverage nanoscale phase-change phenomena for logic operations.
  • To explore the potential of memristors in reconfigurable hybrid logic/memory circuits.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized single phase-change memristors (PCMs) for logic gate implementation.
  • Exploited voltage comparison, additive crystallization, and pulse-induced amorphization for switching.
  • Integrated nonvolatile memristive states for circuit functionality.

Main Results:

  • Successfully developed NOR, NAND, and NOT logic gates using single PCMs.
  • Demonstrated high functionality of nanoscale phase change for logic operations.
  • Showcased the nonvolatile nature of memristive states for circuit applications.

Conclusions:

  • Single PCMs can implement a full suite of logic functions, advancing computing possibilities.
  • Nanoscale phase-change mechanisms are crucial for memristor-based logic.
  • Memristors pave the way for low-power, high-speed, reconfigurable hybrid logic/memory systems.