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Open and closed-loop control systems

Open and closed-loop control systems

Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and...

Elements of Block Diagrams

Elements of Block Diagrams

Block diagrams serve as a visual representation of the input-output relationships within a system. An illustrative example is a heating system, where the set temperature activates the furnace to warm the room to the desired level. Block diagrams are versatile, modeling linear systems through Laplace transform variables and nonlinear systems using time domain variables.
A block diagram typically includes essential elements such as comparators, blocks, and feedback loops. Each of these elements...

Block Diagram Reduction

Block Diagram Reduction

The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
The first step in this process is the identification and relocation of a branch point. A branch point, where a...

Control System Problem

Control System Problem

In an open-loop system, such as a basic thermostat, the poles of the transfer function influence the system's response but do not determine its stability. However, when feedback is introduced to form a closed-loop system, such as an advanced thermostat that adjusts heating based on room temperature, stability is governed by the new poles of the closed-loop transfer function.
When forming a closed-loop system, issues can arise if the poles cross into the unstable region, leading to potential...

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

Published on: March 10, 2011

Compression block studies and the closed-loop system.

D A Schumsky¹, J W Chambers

¹a Department of Psychology , University of Cincinnati.

Journal of Motor Behavior

|August 17, 2013

Summary

The Chambers and Schumsky (1978) study did not definitively test the Laszlo-Bairstow closed-loop theory. Further research is needed to understand motor impairment and anoxia

Area of Science:

Motor control research
Neuroscience
Human performance studies

Background:

The Laszlo-Bairstow closed-loop theory is a significant model in motor control.
Previous studies, like Chambers and Schumsky (1978), have been interpreted in relation to this theory.
However, the precise experimental conditions of past studies may limit their direct applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically evaluate the relevance of the Chambers and Schumsky (1978) study to the Laszlo-Bairstow closed-loop theory.
To highlight unresolved questions regarding the role of motor impairment in motor block studies.
To emphasize the specific impact of anoxia on motor control research.

Main Methods:

Literature review and theoretical analysis of the Chambers and Schumsky (1978) study.

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Examination of the experimental design and its limitations.

Discussion of alternative interpretations of motor block study results.

Main Results:

The Chambers and Schumsky (1978) study's methodology was not designed to be crucial for validating the Laszlo-Bairstow closed-loop theory.
Significant questions remain about the influence of general motor impairment on observed outcomes.
The specific contribution of anoxic conditions to motor block study results is not adequately addressed.

Conclusions:

The Chambers and Schumsky (1978) study does not provide conclusive evidence for or against the Laszlo-Bairstow closed-loop theory.
Further investigation is required to elucidate the impact of motor impairments, particularly anoxia, on motor control.
Re-evaluation of existing motor block studies is necessary to account for confounding factors like anoxia.