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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
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Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Evolutionary hypothesis for Chiari type I malformation.

Yvens Barbosa Fernandes1, Ricardo Ramina, Cynthia Resende Campos-Herrera

  • 1Division of Neurosurgery, State University of Campinas, Brazil; Service of Neurology and Neurosurgery of the Municipal Hospital Dr. Mario Gatti, Brazil.

Medical Hypotheses
|August 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chiari I malformation (CM-I) may stem from evolutionary changes in the human skull base. This condition could be an anthropological imprint from ancient population interbreeding.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Neurosurgery
  • Anthropology

Background:

  • Chiari I malformation (CM-I) involves cerebellar tonsillar herniation (≥5 mm) through the foramen magnum.
  • Posterior fossa overcrowding, often due to basioccipital hypoplasia, causes CM-I.
  • The exact etiology of CM-I remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore Chiari I malformation from an anthropological and evolutionary perspective.
  • To investigate the role of posterior cranial base evolution in CM-I.
  • To integrate anthropology, genetics, and neurosurgery for a novel understanding of CM-I.

Main Methods:

  • Review of evolutionary changes in the human posterior cranial base.
  • Analysis of genetic studies on human evolution, including gene flow and interbreeding.
  • Synthesis of findings from anthropology, genetics, and neurosurgery.

Main Results:

  • Significant evolutionary allometric changes occurred in the posterior cranial base during human brain expansion.
  • Human evolution involved substantial gene flow and interbreeding between populations.
  • These evolutionary processes may have influenced cranial base development relevant to CM-I.

Conclusions:

  • Chiari I malformation might be an evolutionary anthropological imprint.
  • CM-I could result from the mingling of evolving human species populations.
  • An evolutionary perspective offers a new hypothesis for CM-I etiology.