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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Orbital Theory I02:35

Molecular Orbital Theory I

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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule03:02

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To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the subshell of...
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The molecular orbital theory describes the distribution of electrons in molecules in a manner similar to the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals. The region of space in which a valence electron in a molecule is likely to be found is called a molecular orbital. Mathematically, the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) generates molecular orbitals. Combinations of in-phase atomic orbital wave functions result in regions with a high probability of electron density, while...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Local orthogonality as a multipartite principle for quantum correlations.

T Fritz1, A B Sainz, R Augusiak

  • 11] ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Castelldefels, Barcelona E-08860, Spain [2] Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Nature Communications
|August 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A new principle called local orthogonality is introduced to understand quantum correlations. This multipartite principle is essential for explaining complex quantum correlations that bipartite principles cannot capture.

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Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Published on: May 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Theory
  • Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

Background:

  • Information principles have successfully explained bipartite quantum correlations.
  • Existing principles are limited to two-party scenarios, hindering the understanding of multipartite quantum correlations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a novel, intrinsically multipartite information principle: local orthogonality.
  • Demonstrate the necessity of multipartite principles for fully characterizing quantum correlations.

Main Methods:

  • Define local orthogonality: events with different outcomes of the same local measurement must be orthogonal.
  • Prove local orthogonality's equivalence to no-signalling in the bipartite case.
  • Show local orthogonality is more restrictive than no-signalling in multipartite scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Some bipartite supra-quantum correlations violate local orthogonality when distributed among multiple parties.
  • The multipartite nature of local orthogonality reveals non-quantumness in correlations missed by bipartite principles.

Conclusions:

  • Local orthogonality is a powerful, intrinsically multipartite principle for quantum information.
  • This principle is crucial for a complete understanding of no-signalling and quantum correlations.