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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

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[LiLa classification for paediatric long bone fractures. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability].

A Kamphaus1, M Rapp, L M Wessel

  • 1Klinik für Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Universität zu Lübeck, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Deutschland.

Der Unfallchirurg
|August 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The LiLa classification system is user-friendly for pediatric long bone fractures, showing good reliability comparable to existing systems. Improvements in defining fracture displacement and anatomical landmarks are recommended.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Pediatric Traumatology
  • Medical Classification Systems

Background:

  • Existing pediatric long bone fracture classifications (PCCF, LiLa) are not as established as adult systems.
  • The LiLa classification offers a child-specific approach to long bone fractures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the reliability and user-friendliness of the LiLa classification for pediatric long bone fractures.
  • To compare the LiLa classification's performance against established systems.

Main Methods:

  • Documented and classified 408 pediatric long bone fractures using the LiLa system over 12 months.
  • Assessed intraobserver and interobserver reliability using Cohen's kappa coefficient.
  • Involved both expert and non-expert raters in the classification process.

Main Results:

  • High intraobserver reliability for fracture location (kappa 0.91-0.95) and morphology (kappa 0.87-0.93).
  • Moderate intraobserver agreement for overall classification (kappa 0.53-0.58) due to displacement judgment variations.
  • Moderate interobserver agreement (kappa 0.55) impacted by X-ray quality and metaphyseal-diaphyseal transition difficulties.

Conclusions:

  • The LiLa classification is suitable and user-friendly for pediatric long bone fractures.
  • Its reliability is superior to some existing pediatric classifications and comparable to the AO pediatric classification.
  • Refinements in defining metaphyseal regions and fracture displacement are suggested for further improvement.