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Atypical aging in Down syndrome.

Warren B Zigman1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Community Psychology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10341-6399, USA. Warren.Zigman@opwdd.ny.gov

Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
|August 17, 2013
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Summary

As people with Down syndrome (DS) live longer, they face accelerated aging and increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Epigenetic research offers hope for future interventions to improve aging outcomes in DS.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseDown syndromeaccelerated agingagingdementiaepigeneticstrisomy 21

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Aging Research
  • Down Syndrome (DS) and Trisomy 21 Studies
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases and Intellectual Disability

Background:

  • The population of older adults with Down syndrome (DS) is growing, necessitating a focus on age-related health challenges.
  • Down syndrome, caused by Trisomy 21, is a leading genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID) with complex aging patterns.
  • Increased longevity in DS has revealed significant needs related to both typical and pathological aging processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review aging patterns in somatic issues for elder adults with Down syndrome.
  • To explore the complex relationship between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome.
  • To highlight the role of epigenetics in Down syndrome phenotype and potential future interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on aging in Down syndrome.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on DS birth prevalence and longevity trends.
  • Examination of genetic and epigenetic factors influencing aging phenotypes in DS.

Main Results:

  • Elder adults with DS exhibit varied aging patterns, with some showing premature or accelerated aging in specific systems.
  • While Alzheimer's disease (AD) is more common in older adults with DS, it affects only 20-30%, not all individuals.
  • Improved longevity means many individuals with DS now live into their late 60s and 70s, some with minimal signs of pathological aging.

Conclusions:

  • Down syndrome aging is complex, influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors, and requires ongoing research.
  • The long-term prognosis for individuals with DS is improving, contrary to earlier beliefs.
  • Understanding epigenetic mechanisms may enable future therapeutic interventions to modify aging phenotypes in DS.