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Related Concept Videos

Phylogenetic Trees03:21

Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic trees come in many forms. It matters in which sequence the organisms are arranged from the bottom to the top of the tree, but the branches can rotate at their nodes without altering the information. The lines connecting individual nodes can be straight, angled, or even curved.
Phylogenetic Trees03:21

Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic trees come in many forms. It matters in which sequence the organisms are arranged from the bottom to the top of the tree, but the branches can rotate at their nodes without altering the information. The lines connecting individual nodes can be straight, angled, or even curved.
The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes02:40

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

The “tree of life” describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ancestor to all life on Earth. All other species radiate from this point, much like the branches of a tree. The numerous tips of these branches on the tree of life represent every living, or extant, species. Extinct species, which are species that no longer exist, can be found towards the center of the tree. Currently, these organisms, both extant and...
Phylogeny01:23

Phylogeny

Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon (singular). Taxa (plural) can span different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. For instance, the group containing all birds is a taxon (comprising the class Aves), and the group of all species of daisies (the genus Bellis) is a taxon. Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire kingdom.
The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes02:40

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

The “tree of life” describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ancestor to all life on Earth. All other species radiate from this point, much like the branches of a tree. The numerous tips of these branches on the tree of life represent every living, or extant, species. Extinct species, which are species that no longer exist, can be found towards the center of the tree. Currently, these organisms, both extant and...
Taxonomy01:31

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. It uses a hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories with Latin names. The smallest units of taxonomy, species and genus, are used to assign a formal, taxonomic name to each species in a system. This classification system, referred to as binomial nomenclature, was formalized by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century.
Hierarchy of Taxonomy
The hierarchy that Carolus Linnaeus first...

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Tree Core Analysis with X-ray Computed Tomography
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Tree Core Analysis with X-ray Computed Tomography

Published on: September 22, 2023

Categorizing ideas about trees: a tree of trees.

Marie Fisler1, Guillaume Lecointre

  • 1URM 7138 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC-IRD Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Département Systématique et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. marie.fisler@edu.mnhn.fr

Plos One
|August 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study adapted methods from biological systematics to categorize ideas in the history of science. It created a "tree of trees" to map shared concepts among authors, revealing new schools of thought.

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Area of Science:

  • History of Science
  • Systematics
  • Phylogenetics

Background:

  • Systematic trees are used to represent the diversity of life.
  • Historical analysis of scientific ideas often lacks robust categorization methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the utility of phylogenetic methods for categorizing ideas in the history of science.
  • To develop a hierarchical representation of shared ideas among authors on the topic of trees.

Main Methods:

  • Applied a method inspired by coding homologous parts of organisms to historical texts.
  • Discretized conceptual parts of ideas, writings, and drawings from 41 main sources.
  • Created a 91-character matrix of shared ideas and generated a cladogram for visualization.

Main Results:

  • Recovered classical schools like cladists and pheneticists.
  • Identified new categories such as "buffonian school," "metaphoricians," and "grade theoreticians."
  • Demonstrated the utility of a "tree of trees" for hierarchical categorization of scientific ideas.

Conclusions:

  • Phylogenetic methods can be effectively adapted to categorize intellectual history.
  • The study proposes novel classifications for historical schools of thought on tree representations.
  • Networks were deemed less useful than cladograms for representing shared ideas at this stage.