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Related Concept Videos

Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
Flashbulb Memory01:16

Flashbulb Memory

A flashbulb memory is a highly vivid and detailed memory, often linked to events of significant emotional impact. These memories stand out in contrast to everyday memories due to their clarity and the precision with which they are recalled. The strong emotions associated with the event act as a catalyst, ensuring that specific details, such as one's location, actions, and even peripheral elements, are etched into memory with remarkable accuracy. For example, many people can vividly recall where...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

III. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): measuring episodic memory.

Patricia J Bauer, Sureyya S Dikmen, Robert K Heaton

    Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
    |August 20, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed the NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test (TPSMT) to assess episodic memory. This nonverbal test shows sensitivity to age-related changes and has strong reliability in children.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Neuroscience
    • Neuropsychology
    • Developmental Psychology

    Background:

    • Episodic memory is crucial for learning and memory, enabling rapid information acquisition and long-term storage.
    • Accurate assessment of episodic memory is vital in various cognitive and developmental research contexts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce and validate a novel nonverbal test for assessing episodic memory, the NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test (TPSMT).
    • To evaluate the TPSMT's sensitivity to age-related changes and its psychometric properties in a pediatric population.

    Main Methods:

    • The NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test (TPSMT) was developed as a nonverbal assessment.
    • Participants were required to reproduce the order of picture sequences presented on a computer, with sequence length adjusted for ability (6-15 pictures).
    • Multiple trials were administered to enhance reliability, and pediatric data were collected for validation.

    Main Results:

    • The TPSMT demonstrated sensitivity to age-related variations in episodic memory performance in pediatric participants.
    • The test exhibited high test-retest reliability, indicating consistent results over time.
    • Promising construct validity was observed, suggesting the TPSMT accurately measures the intended cognitive construct.

    Conclusions:

    • The NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test (TPSMT) is a reliable and valid nonverbal measure of episodic memory in children.
    • The TPSMT effectively captures age-related differences in episodic memory.
    • Further refinements are underway to enhance the instrument's sensitivity to individual and age-related variability.