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Related Concept Videos

Chirality in Nature02:30

Chirality in Nature

Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid. The...
Chirality02:25

Chirality

Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers02:25

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...
Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:15

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

This lesson provides an in-depth discussion of the stereochemical outcomes in an SN1 reaction.
In the first step of an SN1 reaction, the bond between the electrophilic carbon and the leaving group ionizes to generate the carbocation intermediate. The second step of the mechanism is the nucleophilic attack.
In the formed carbocation, the positively charged carbon is sp2 hybridized with a trigonal planar geometry. As all the three substituents lie on the same plane, a plane of symmetry for the...
Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds02:33

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
06:42

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Published on: March 3, 2017

Chiral plasma instabilities.

Yukinao Akamatsu1, Naoki Yamamoto

  • 1Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.

Physical Review Letters
|August 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new plasma instability, the chiral plasma instability, is discovered in relativistic plasmas with chiral fermion asymmetry. This instability has implications for heavy ion collisions and compact stars.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
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Published on: August 18, 2017

Area of Science:

  • High-energy physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Plasma physics

Background:

  • Relativistic plasmas exhibit complex collective behaviors.
  • Chiral fermions introduce unique properties due to their handedness.
  • Berry curvature corrections are crucial for describing quantum effects in these systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate collective modes in relativistic plasmas with chiral fermion asymmetry.
  • Identify and characterize potential plasma instabilities.
  • Explore the implications of these instabilities in physical phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a recently formulated kinetic theory.
  • Incorporated Berry curvature corrections into the theoretical framework.
  • Analyzed the behavior of collective modes under specific plasma conditions.

Main Results:

  • Discovered an unstable mode, termed the chiral plasma instability.
  • The instability arises from the asymmetry between left- and right-handed chiral fermions.
  • The study analyzes the instability's behavior, including collisional effects.

Conclusions:

  • The chiral plasma instability is a significant phenomenon in asymmetric relativistic plasmas.
  • This instability may play a role in heavy ion collisions.
  • The findings are relevant for understanding phenomena in compact stars.