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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System
09:48

In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System

Published on: February 3, 2026

Probability state modeling of memory CD8⁺ T-cell differentiation.

Margaret S Inokuma1, Vernon C Maino, C Bruce Bagwell

  • 1BD Biosciences, 2350 Qume Drive, San Jose, CA 95131, USA.

Journal of Immunological Methods
|August 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Probability State Modeling (PSM) simplifies complex flow cytometry data for identifying CD8+ T-cell subsets. This method aids in visualizing T-cell differentiation and analyzing phenotypic heterogeneity in immune cell populations.

Keywords:
CD8 T cellsCDPCMComputational modelData analysisEFEMEPFlow cytometryImmunomicsPBMCsPCAPSMProbability state modelingSPLOMSSCcentral memorycontrol definition pointeffector memoryexpression profileperipheral blood mononuclear cellsprincipal components analysisprobability state modelingscatterplot matrixside scatterterminal effector

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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A DNA/Ki67-Based Flow Cytometry Assay for Cell Cycle Analysis of Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells in Vaccinated Mice
09:17

A DNA/Ki67-Based Flow Cytometry Assay for Cell Cycle Analysis of Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells in Vaccinated Mice

Published on: January 5, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Computational Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Flow cytometry is crucial for single-cell analysis but faces challenges with high-dimensional data complexity.
  • Manual gating in polychromatic flow cytometry can lead to interpretation errors and analysis standardization issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce Probability State Modeling (PSM) for characterizing high-dimensional flow cytometry data.
  • To visualize the differentiation pathways of effector/memory CD8+ T cells using PSM.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Probability State Modeling (PSM) to analyze multicolor flow cytometry data.
  • Identified four major CD8+ T-cell subsets using markers CD45RA, CCR7 (CD197), and CD28, alongside selection markers CD3, CD4, CD8, and side scatter (SSC).

Main Results:

  • PSM effectively visualizes effector/memory CD8+ T-cell differentiation.
  • The model allows for the identification of specific T-cell subtypes and analysis of phenotypic heterogeneity.
  • Demonstrated branched differentiation markers including CD127, CD62L, CD27, and CD57 within memory T-cell subpopulations.

Conclusions:

  • PSM offers a robust method for translating complex flow cytometry data into pathway-specific cell subtypes.
  • PSM facilitates the development of averaged models for healthy donor populations and enhances the analysis of immune cell heterogeneity.