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Related Concept Videos

Golgi Apparatus01:49

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.
Golgi Apparatus01:09

Golgi Apparatus

Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
Golgi Apparatus01:09

Golgi Apparatus

Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

Cryo-electron Microscopy

Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
Golgi Matrix Proteins01:12

Golgi Matrix Proteins

Golgi matrix proteins are a group of highly dynamic proteins that maintain the stacked structure of Golgi. These proteins adapt to rapid morphological changes of the Golgi during the cell cycle. During cell division, mild proteolysis removes these connections resulting in Golgi unstacking. In The daughter cells, these proteins help reassemble the unstacked Golgi.
One of the first identified Golgi matrix proteins was GM130, a rod-like protein located in the cis-Golgi. Subsequently, many Golgi...
Transport Across the Golgi01:26

Transport Across the Golgi

While it is unclear how molecules move between adjacent Golgi cisternae, it is apparent that the molecules move from cis- cisterna, the entry face, to the trans- cisterna, the exit face. Experiments initially suggested vesicles that bud from one cisterna and fuse with the next cisterna to transport proteins between the cisternae. This vesicular transport model describes the Golgi apparatus as a relatively static structure with a unique enzyme composition in each cisterna. Molecules are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Quantitative Localization of a Golgi Protein by Imaging Its Center of Fluorescence Mass
13:08

Quantitative Localization of a Golgi Protein by Imaging Its Center of Fluorescence Mass

Published on: August 10, 2017

Golgi apparatus analyzed by cryo-electron microscopy.

Hong-Mei Han1, Cedric Bouchet-Marquis, Jan Huebinger

  • 1Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.

Histochemistry and Cell Biology
|August 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Cryo-fixation preserves the dynamic Golgi apparatus, revealing previously unseen structural details in its native state. This advanced sample preparation method enhances understanding of organelle morphology and function.

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Quantitative Localization of a Golgi Protein by Imaging Its Center of Fluorescence Mass
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Quantitative Localization of a Golgi Protein by Imaging Its Center of Fluorescence Mass

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08:37

Visualization of Organelles In Situ by Cryo-STEM Tomography

Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Microscopy Techniques
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • The Golgi apparatus, discovered in 1898, has been studied using light and electron microscopy to understand its ultrastructure.
  • Its complex morphology and dynamic membrane systems are challenging to preserve, often leading to fixation artifacts.
  • Advancements in preparation methods have significantly improved the understanding of Golgi morphology and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of cryo-fixation for preserving the delicate Golgi apparatus.
  • To explore how advanced preparation methods reveal novel structural details of the Golgi apparatus.
  • To discuss the potential of cryo-electron microscopy and tomography for studying cellular organelles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing cryo-fixation to instantly halt cellular processes and embed samples in amorphous ice.
  • Employing freeze substitution or direct cryo-electron microscopy and tomography for sample analysis.
  • Comparing vitrified Golgi stacks with traditional resin-embedded samples.

Main Results:

  • Cryo-fixation effectively preserves the dynamic nature of the Golgi apparatus, minimizing artifacts.
  • Vitrified Golgi stacks show comparable overall morphology to resin-embedded samples.
  • Previously unobserved structural details are discernible in cryo-fixed samples due to their native density.

Conclusions:

  • Cryo-fixation is the preferred method for preserving the native state of the Golgi apparatus and other dynamic cellular structures.
  • Advanced cryo-electron microscopy techniques offer new possibilities for detailed structural analysis of organelles.
  • Further improvements in sample preparation promise novel insights into the fine structural details of the dynamic Golgi organelle.