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Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...

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Outcomes of liver resections for neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases in carcinoid heart disease.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Isolation of Human Primary Valve Cells for In vitro Disease Modeling
07:31

Isolation of Human Primary Valve Cells for In vitro Disease Modeling

Published on: April 16, 2021

Carcinoid valve disease.

J Wells Askew1, Heidi M Connolly

  • 1Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Gonda 6, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA, connolly.heidi@mayo.edu.

Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
|August 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carcinoid syndrome, a rare neuroendocrine tumor complication, causes carcinoid heart disease due to excess serotonin. Cardiac surgery is the primary treatment for this significant cause of morbidity and mortality.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Isolation of Human Primary Valve Cells for In vitro Disease Modeling
07:31

Isolation of Human Primary Valve Cells for In vitro Disease Modeling

Published on: April 16, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Carcinoid tumors are rare neuroendocrine neoplasms, often originating in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Carcinoid syndrome results from vasoactive substances secreted by these tumors.
  • Carcinoid heart disease involves endocardial plaque deposits, primarily affecting the right heart.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the pathophysiology and clinical implications of carcinoid heart disease.
  • To highlight the association between carcinoid syndrome and cardiac manifestations.
  • To emphasize current treatment strategies for carcinoid valve disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on carcinoid tumors, carcinoid syndrome, and carcinoid heart disease.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms involving serotonin metabolism and receptor interactions.
  • Evaluation of the role of cardiac surgery and multidisciplinary care.

Main Results:

  • Carcinoid heart disease is a frequent complication of carcinoid syndrome, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Excess serotonin and its interactions with receptors/transporters are implicated in disease pathogenesis.
  • Cardiac surgery is the most effective treatment for carcinoid valve disease.

Conclusions:

  • Carcinoid valve and heart disease is a serious consequence of carcinoid syndrome.
  • Understanding serotonin's role is crucial for managing this condition.
  • A multidisciplinary approach and experienced centers are recommended for surgical management, especially in metastatic disease.