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The Phragmoplast

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...

The Phragmoplast

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...

Plant Tissue Culture

Plant Tissue Culture

Plant tissue culture is widely used in both primary and applied science. Applications range from plant development studies to functional gene studies, crop improvement, commercial micropropagation, virus elimination, and conservation of rare species.

Transgenic Plants

Transgenic Plants

Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
The first-ever transgenic plant was a tobacco plant developed in 1983 that showed resistance against the tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many transgenic plants have been developed and commercialized for improving the agricultural, ornamental, and horticultural value of a crop plant. Transgenic...

Meristems and Plant Growth

Meristems and Plant Growth

Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.

Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Robotic Platform for High-throughput Protoplast Isolation and Transformation

A Robotic Platform for High-throughput Protoplast Isolation and Transformation

Published on: September 27, 2016

Progress in plant protoplast research.

Tom Eeckhaut¹, Prabhu Shankar Lakshmanan^2,3, Dieter Deryckere²

¹Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Caritasstraat 21, 9090, Melle, Belgium. tom.eeckhaut@ilvo.vlaanderen.be.

|August 20, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic hybridization techniques, including protoplast regeneration and advanced breeding methods, are revolutionizing crop development. These innovations enable the creation of new species and trait introgression for commercial crops.

Keywords:

Genome fragmentation Hybrid screening Interspecific hybridization Protoplast regeneration Somatic fusion

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Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

A Robotic Platform for High-throughput Protoplast Isolation and Transformation

A Robotic Platform for High-throughput Protoplast Isolation and Transformation

Published on: September 27, 2016

A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

Published on: January 25, 2018

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Isolation of Protoplasts from Tissues of 14-day-old Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana

Published on: August 17, 2009

Area of Science:

Plant biotechnology
Crop improvement
Somatic hybridization

Background:

Protoplast regeneration and somatic hybridization are key biotechnologies for plant breeding.
Recent advancements have expanded their application in creating new crop varieties.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent progress in protoplast regeneration and somatic hybridization.
To highlight novel technologies and their impact on crop breeding.

Main Methods:

Review of literature on protoplast regeneration, fusion, and fragmentation.
Analysis of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies.
Discussion of emerging technologies like GISH and next-generation sequencing.

Main Results:

Improved culture techniques and new species regeneration are advancing practical crop breeding.
Understanding reactive oxygen species, DNA condensation, and phytohormone effects are crucial for protoplast regeneration.
Advanced screening methods facilitate the analysis of somatic hybrid products.

Conclusions:

Somatic hybridization offers significant agricultural value through trait introgression in commercial crops.
Emerging technologies will enhance insights into genome creation and stabilization, particularly after asymmetric hybridization.