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Related Concept Videos

Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...
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During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...

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Medium-throughput Screening Assays for Assessment of Effects on Ca2+-Signaling and Acrosome Reaction in Human Sperm
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Protamine alterations in human spermatozoa.

Meritxell Jodar1, Rafael Oliva

  • 1Human Genetics Research Group, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|August 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protamines are key sperm proteins for DNA packaging. Altered protamine levels and genetic factors, including DNA, RNA, and protein variations, are linked to male infertility risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Human genetics
  • Spermatozoa function

Background:

  • Protamines are essential sperm nuclear proteins crucial for DNA condensation.
  • Protamine haploinsufficiency in mice causes male infertility, suggesting a role in human idiopathic infertility.
  • Altered protamine levels (protamine 1 and 2) are observed in some infertile men.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of protamines in male fertility.
  • To explore the relationship between protamine DNA, RNA, and protein levels and male infertility.
  • To discuss protamine evolution and function in the context of infertility.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of protamine protein levels in infertile patients.
  • Genetic screening of protamine genes for mutations and variants.
  • Investigation of RNA presence in mature sperm cells.

Main Results:

  • While high-penetrance mutations are rare, certain protamine variants and haplotypes may increase male infertility risk.
  • Altered protamine quantities are found in some infertile individuals.
  • Recent research explores RNA's role in mature sperm.

Conclusions:

  • Protamines play a critical role in male fertility through DNA packaging.
  • Genetic and molecular factors affecting protamines (DNA, RNA, protein) are associated with male infertility.
  • Further research into protamine variations is warranted for understanding and potentially treating male infertility.